Thesis Proposal on Customer Satisfaction

The state of mind that customers have about a company when their expectations have been met, or exceeded over the lifetime of the service or product is what is referred to as the customer satisfaction. Achieving the customer’s satisfaction resulted to company’s loyalty and the products. Satisfaction can mean be contended with the quality of a particular services or product with a continuing relationship or with price performance ratio of a service or the product. Measure of customer satisfaction will vary from one company to the other depending on what type of satisfaction is being researched. For instance manufacturers will typically desire on time delivery and specification adherence thus measure of satisfaction preferred by supplier should include critical variables of this kind. Several objectives pertaining customers satisfaction surveying program exists but the most basic objectives which are a must meet by any survey program include; To understand the requirement and the expectation of all the customers. Determining how best my company its competitors are meeting the expectation and the requirements of the customer. Developing product and service standard based on my findings. Establishing standard priorities to determine how well you have met the goals. Primary objective of a customer satisfaction program survey is to come up with a consistent and valid feedback concerning the customer ,meaning to listen to the customers expectations which then ca n be used in the initiation of strategies that retain the customers and also protects the cooperation’s most valuable product, that is the customer. In conclusion customer mindset of pre-purchase will fall into any of the three categories; rejection whereby the customer will stop purchasing the product completely. Acceptance, whereby the products are satisfying but they will shop for a better deal.Lastly its preference in which the customers are delighted and they may even purchase at higher prices.

Nazi Germany Rights and Responsibilities of a Superior...

â€Å"The deepest sense of social responsibility for the creation of better foundations for our development, coupled with brutal determination in breaking down incurable tumors.† -Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany: Rights and Responsibilities of a â€Å"Superior† Race INTRODUCTION The Holocaust, carried out by the leader of the Nazi Party, Adolf Hitler, from 1933-1945 in various European countries resulted in the extermination of minority groups deemed inferior by the Nazis, other groups being displaced, taken from their families, removed from their homes, and leaving to start a new life. Hitler’s actions were unknown before this time, and did not involve just the German states, but instead brought in countries from across the globe, and caused many†¦show more content†¦During his rule he perfected the use of propaganda in order to convince the people under his control that what was going on was right. He used his impressive speaking skills to convince people to conform to his new ideas, and he created new traditions such as the phrase â€Å"Heil Hitler† as his standard greeting. For Germany, Hitler seemed like a savior. Hitler used Germany’s deprivation for a strong leader to aid him in coming to power. He gave the German popula tion a leader to look up to. During his reign, he used his power to make the desperate Germans believe the Jews caused most of these problems they were experiencing during this time. Due to their blind devotion to their chancellor, they were willing to accept this new idea wholeheartedly, and without question. This assisted Hitler in beginning to carry out his â€Å"Euthanasia Program†, a euphemism for the â€Å"Final Solution†, the extermination of the Jews, more formally known as the Holocaust. EFFECT/IMPACT #1 The real events of the Holocaust started with an event called Reichskristallnacht, which roughly translates to â€Å"Reich’s Crystal Night,† but is better known as â€Å"The Night of Broken Glass.† (Benz, 31) On this night, a German officer by the name of Ernst vom Rath was shot dead by a young Jewish boy, for reasons unknown. This began a spread of anti-Semitism around the world, and the Nazi party used this to their advantage. They coordinated an attack on Jewish shops across Germany, and broke in and stole their goods.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Nazi Use of Darwinism 1495 Words   |  6 Pagesnineteenth century, European nations had a difficult time finding economic stability. Germany took full responsibility for starting World War I and by signing the Treaty of Versailles, Germany agreed to give up huge portions of territory and pay reparation to victorious allies. 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The impact Adolf Hitler had on history, namely, the rise of Nazism and the Holocaust is also due to a favourable set of circumstances that withoutRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1022 Words   |   5 Pagesand Germany. Many lives were loss on both fronts during this conflict. It also launch us into a New age of technology war ware, Which is known as the Nuclear Age. When the first atomic bomb was dropped on two major cities in Japan, it changed the hole out come of war. But never the less we must focus on human life, that which was loss during the time the war was taking form. One race of people who suffered the most was the Jews. The question still remain why the German wanted the Jewish race annihilatedRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1020 Words   |  5 Pagesand Germany. Many lives were loss on both fronts during this conflict. It also launch us into a New age of technology war ware, Which is known as the Nuclear Age. When the first atomic bomb was dropped on two major cities in Japan, it changed the hole out come of war. But never the less we must focus on human life, that which was loss during the time the war was taking form. One race of people who suffered the mo st was the Jews. The question still remain why the German wanted the Jewish race annihilatedRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles During The First World War1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe Central Powers and Germany were defeated by the Allied Powers in the First World War. The Armistice was signed on 11 November 1918 putting an end to the war. On June 28, 1919, Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles (Thompson 548). The treaty demanded Germany to take full responsibility of all losses and damages which had occurred during the war. Also, the treaty called for the disarmament of Germany s military force, territorial concessions, and war reparation payments. AlthoughRead MoreJohn Locke on Liberty and Equality933 Words   |  4 PagesLiberalism is a political philosophy based on the ideas of liberty and equality; it supports the ideas of civil rights, freedom of religion, freedom of press, and free trade. Liberalism traces its origins to the works of John Locke in the seventeent h century and the philosophy of enlightenment in the eighteenth century. Locke wrote that every man has a natural right to life, liberty and property (â€Å"All mankind being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, libertyRead MoreEugenics: A Controversial Science Essay examples1160 Words   |  5 Pagesdefects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics)(Dictionary.com, 2005).† Its base came from the idea that the human race could be â€Å"perfected† by getting rid of its undesirable traits and the desirable ones could be multiplied. Physical appearance, IQ, and social capacity could be controlled in humans just as plant and animal traits could be perfected through CharlesRead MoreEven Though Hitler Was Incontrol Of Killing Of Men And1561 Words   |  7 PagesEven though Hitler was incontrol of killing of men and women. His leadership helped Germany s economy. 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My task is to create a music video that hasn’t been released on the general market Free Essays

My task is to create a music video that hasn’t been released on the general market. This will be done in a group of four consisting of Courtney, Lisa, Tamica and myself. We need to all decide on what song we are going to produce which is no longer than five minutes long. We will write a custom essay sample on My task is to create a music video that hasn’t been released on the general market or any similar topic only for you Order Now We need to write a narrative synopsis, this will show how the song relates to the images. Also we will need a detailed storyboard because it will help us out on how to shoot the scenes. We all need to decide on locations, props, costumes, castings and soundtracks that we are going to use in our music video. We must do all arrangements in good time management. The song is called ‘separated’ and is singed by an artist called Usher Raymond. It’s a song sang by usher to his girl. The academic bit, this is done by analyzing our video and see if the genre and conventions plus how media language fits the music video. In this video I will need to contribute in my role as a lead singer Usher, and also help out in planning plus research with the group, give ideas on locations and to be on time on deadlines. In our group everyone needs to know what they’re doing and help out on props, costumes and be on time and know their part. My group and I have chosen the solo artist Usher Raymond because we like the lyrics he uses in the song; it’s very different from other songs. Also his lyrics can be formed in to images for our music video â€Å"separated†. Usher Raymond was born on the 14th October 1978 in Chattanooga. He is a young RB singer. Usher is one of the few who can boast of real star quality. He performed at the American Music Awards as part of the all-star recording collaboration Black Men United. The first single to be taken from the album, â€Å"You Make Me Wanna†, was typical of the smooth ballads on offer. Usher was more successful in the UK, where the single debuted at number 2 in February 2001. He returned to the top of the US charts in July with â€Å"U Remind Me†, which premiered the transatlantic hit album 8701. The single â€Å"U Got It Bad† also reached the number 1 position in 2002. We will be using varies of techniques to make this video so that it fits it conventions and also genre. Using similar filming techniques like camera angles will do this and lighting effects also the location of shots need to be accurate would help a lot. In order to make this music video a success we must use certain skills of marketing techniques. The music video needs to be marketed well. This means we need know what customers to target. We need to brand our music video so it could become popular and known form it. There are many genres of music and for us to do well we need to know our genre of music inside out. We need to know what’s going to be in and what props we need also how we could do stuff so that our video fits its genre. To match audience’s expectation we would need the video to have conventions that follows other pop music videos. These could be fancy cars, big mansions, the high life, boy meets girl, relationship breaking up or clips of them having fun back in the days. Some of pop artists examples are puff daddy, Nelly, Sean Paul. Our music video is going to be targeted at young teenagers. We believe they are our audience for these kinds of songs, also they would find them as pop idols. We would advertise the new single on TV, radio, newspapers and Internet. The TV is because many teenagers plus adults watch it. The radio is a main advertiser for songs because many people have radios in their cars, personal stereos, work place, homes and phones. People will here the single on the radio and if they liked it they would purchase it. Also playing music on the radio would give us a wider range of audiences and may boost our sales up. My group and I have chosen the solo artist Usher Raymond because we like the lyrics he uses in the song; also his lyrics can be formed in to images for our music video â€Å"separated†. Usher Raymond was born on the 14th October 1978 in Chattanooga. He is a young RB singer. Usher is one of the few who can boast of real star quality. He performed at the American Music Awards as part of the all-star recording collaboration Black Men United. The first single to be taken from the album, â€Å"You Make Me Wanna†, was typical of the smooth ballads on offer. Usher was more successful in the UK, where the single debuted at number 2 in February 2001. He returned to the top of the US charts in July with â€Å"U Remind Me†, which premiered the transatlantic hit album 8701. The single â€Å"U Got It Bad† also reached the number 1 position in 2002. We have previous marketing techniques that we have discussed and analysed so we can use these techniques to make the video a success. Some of our previous marketing techniques discussed were on how where and how to advertise our music videos and also how to target our main audiences. The channels that we have chosen to broadcast the video on We have chosen to broadcast our video on certain channels like: THE BOX – we chose this channel is because this channel is a national wide all music video channel reaching over 20 million homes in the United States giving us a wide audience. It is also available in the United Kingdom. Specializing in rock, pop, RB, hip-hop, Latin, and country. Over 170 individual boxes are located throughout the country, which allows each area to have its own custom local play list of videos to choose from. This will be mainly targeted at the seven years old to thirty year old age groups. Also we chose the MTV main channel. The reason we chose this channels is because it is a music channel, which is on a 24-hour video music network. MTV is an advertiser-supported, basic cable service of MTV networks. We would use this channel for promoting our music. By linking the video to a wider audience we would have more sales in records. A good example is to feature another famous artist in to the song from a different genre. ‘U R L’ (Usher Record Label) is going to the record label. The label is going to have a picture of usher on it this will make the video sexually attractive to female customers. This will increase the sales. In the video the artist is showing he wants to break up with his girlfriend. Tamica plays the girl featured in the video. Usher sings he wants to be separate from her. Initial ideas that we have come up with are on how to structure each scene of the video, we are going to film each sentence in the song and for the chorus we are going to play the same scene each time. In the video each scene would go along with the music. This should look good and professional. In the video every scene is going to illustrate song lyrics. This is going to be done by having each sentence of the song being represented by an object, scenery, person/s and facial expressions. Our storyboards are going to help us a lot in making the video look realistic. This is because the storyboard will help us by illustrating to us how to achieve the right look and feel of the music videos, also what camera angles we want and lighting. When editing the video we must make sure the words of the song are in the right time of the videoing. If not done correctly then the video wouldn’t look very effective. In our group we have decided that I am going to be the solo artist Usher, Courtney is going to the camera woman, Lisa is going to be casting in our video and Tamica is going to be the women in the video (Usher’s Girl). My role is going to be difficult but I can achieve it by rehearsing the scenes and working together as a team. I need to make my music video look as real as possible so I can feel I have achieved making my video successfully. How to cite My task is to create a music video that hasn’t been released on the general market, Papers

Manchester United free essay sample

More than a football club, a global brand For these fans, there is only one United Annual Report 2003 Manchester United is one of the leading clubs in world football, with a global brand and following that embodies the passion and excitement of the world’s most popular sport. Our goal is, through innovation, commitment and evolution, to protect and develop the brand by sustaining the playing success on the field and growing the business to enhance the financial strength of the Group. Contents 1 Highlights 2 Chairman’s statement 6 Operational review 32 Financial review 38 Corporate social responsibility 44 Board of directors 46 Directors’ report Corporate governance 51 Remuneration report 57 Financial statements 79 Statement of directors’ responsibilities 80 Auditors’ report 81 Five year summary 82 Shareholder information 85 Advisers and internal contacts Highlights gt; Turnover up 18 per cent as a result of strong cup runs, increased media revenues and the start of the new Nike partnership. gt; Staff costs represent 46 per cent of turnover (2002 48 per cent). gt; Net player trading profits. Team success The team emphatically answered its critics by remaining unbeaten in the Premiership from the start of 2003 to win the Club’s eighth Premiership title in 11 years. The team reached the UEFA Champions League quarter finals for the seventh successive season – the best record of any team in Europe – before losing to Real Madrid in arguably the best tie in the competition. We also reached our first Worthington Cup final in nine years. Our loyal fans have once again showed tremendous support for the team with sell out crowds at virtually every one of our 33 first team matches at Old Trafford. We appreciate the contribution that this support makes to our team’s and business success. Strengthening the squad During the off-season we have been exceptionally active in making progress on one of our core strategic goals, to maintain the playing success of the team. The sales of David Beckham and Juan Sebastian Veron, the release of David May and Laurent Blanc at the end of their contracts and the acquisitions of Tim Howard, Eric Djemba Djemba, David Bellion, Kleberson and Cristiano Ronaldo, were all important steps. They have strengthened the playing squad and equipped the manager, Sir Alex Ferguson, with the players he needs to keep the club challenging for major trophies. These transfers have decreased the average age of the squad to 25 and have also reduced average player wages. I would like to express my appreciation of the contribution made by the players who have left, in particular David Beckham who has been with the Club since he was 16 and played a key part in our successes over the last decade. Excellent financial results Our financial results have benefited from the additional games at Old Trafford (33 compared to 27 last season) as a result of cup successes, the start of the new Nike partnership, and strong contributions from the UEFA Champions League final at Old Trafford and our pre-season tour to the USA. Group turnover of ? 173 million was 18 per cent up on the previous year. ?8. 5 million (2002 ? 1. 3 million) was produced by our domestic cup runs, ? 27. 6 million (2002 ? 29. 9 million) from our participation in the UEFA Champions League and ? 4. 7 million from the USA Tour and hosting the UEFA Champions League final. In addition, the first year of our new Nike contract is worth an additional ? 3. 5 million above the level guaranteed for the second year onwards of ? 20. 7 million. Aside from these factors the underlying revenues excluding cup success were ? 128. 7 million, which was 12 per cent up on a like for like basis on the previous year, as a result of the new Nike and Platinum sponsor contracts and higher UK TV revenues. 2 The ratio of wages costs to turnover was 46 per cent for the year, well within our target of 50 per cent of turnover as a result of continued financial discipline and the strong cup performances. Absolute wages went up by ? 8. million, a rise of 12 per cent, reflecting the new contractual commitments made in the prior year and higher bonuses from our success. Group operating profit before exceptionals, player trading and amortisation was ? 50. 0 million, 45 per cent above the previous year, benefiting from strong additional contributions from the new Nike partnership of ? 14. 8 million (compared to the previous arrangements), and a total of ? 3. 0 million from the UEFA Champions League final and USA Tour and the domestic cup games of ? 3. 6 million (2002 ? 1. 1 million). The UEFA Champions League games contributed 45 per cent (2002 73 per cent) of these profits. Player trading profits The player trading profits were ? 12. 9 million (2002 ? 17. 4 million). The major element of this was ? 15. 9 million for David Beckham. This is calculated based on the unconditional proceeds of â‚ ¬25 million, less costs of the transaction and the discount paid to our bank to receive this sum on 2 September 2003 as opposed to over the four years originally agreed with Real Madrid. This profit, together with additional receipts from Blackburn for the sale of Andrew Cole and Dwight Yorke, was offset by the provision for the loss on the sale of Veron to Chelsea of ? 4. million. Increased profit after tax The profit after tax was ? 29. 8 million (2002 ? 25. 0 million) with the underlying tax rate of 32. 5 per cent being reduced by 8. 8 percentage points as a result of the release of provisions of ? 3. 4 million mainly in respect of a property transaction which took place in 1996. Strong cash generation The excellent financial results and continued discipline ov er costs and cash management have strengthened our balance sheet further. At the year end we had cash and deposits of ? 28. 6 million. We spent ? 4. 2 million on capital projects, net of disposals, and ? . 9 million in net player acquisitions during the year with additional commitments to spend up to ? 23. 9 million on the five players we have bought in this summer. The balance sheet includes debtors of ? 23. 4 million from the sales of Beckham (received on 2 September) and Stam (due during the 2004/2005 financial year), which together with ? 12 million from the sale of Veron means we have total unconditional receipts of ? 35. 4 million over the next two years. Our cash generation will enable us to continue to strengthen the squad as necessary without the use of debt. We completed the sale of the Golden Tulip hotel investment and recorded a profit on disposal of ? 0. 4 million in the second half year. Further conditional payments could be received depending on the release of monies retained for potential warranty claims. Demanding year for our staff The staging of 33 home Manchester United games, a FA cup semi-final, the UEFA Champions League final, the Super League Grand final and a Bon Jovi concert, made the year a demanding one for our staff. They have delivered each event with great skill and success. We are delighted to have introduced a new profit-sharing scheme for the staff with effect from this year, which enables them to share in the financial success that these extra games and events bring. 3 Chairman’s statement continued Office of Fair Trading (OFT) decision Manchester United was disappointed that the Office of Fair Trading has decided that its limited involvement in the exchange of price information with Umbro for the short period of May to September 2000 had the object or effect of maintaining prices for replica shirts. The fine of ? 1. 65 million has been fully provided for in these results as an exceptional item. Manchester United believes that there are strong grounds to appeal certain aspects of the OFT findings and therefore it has launched an appeal against these aspects to the Competition Appeal tribunal. Manchester United intends to make no further public comment on the matter until the completion of the appeal process. Board changes Martin Edwards stepped down from the PLC Board on 29 November 2002 and as Chairman of the football club in May after a long association since 1970. We would like to repeat our thanks to Martin for his many contributions to the Club over the years. In addition, Peter Kenyon resigned as Chief Executive in September 2003 and the Board appointed David Gill, the Group Managing Director, as his replacement, with immediate effect. The Board would again like to record its thanks to Peter for his significant contribution to our success over the last six years. Improved shareholder returns The success of the Group over the last year has seen a significant re-rating of our shares which have risen over 80 per cent since September last year. We continue to work to deliver value to our shareholders. The Board has recommended a final basic dividend of 1. 83 pence per share, making a total basic dividend for the year of 2. 5 pence per share, 19 per cent above last year. This is the twelfth consecutive year of increased dividend. Last year we announced our policy to consider special dividends depending on the overall profitability of the Group. As a result the Board recommends a special dividend of 1. 5 pence per share (2002 1. 0 pence per share) based on the excellent operating result and the tax provision release referred to above, together with the strong cash position of the Group. No part of this dividend is dependent on this year’s player trading profits, since the Board intends that the cash generated from these sales will be reinvested in the playing squad, to help maintain the playing success. The Board has also decided that in future years any interim basic dividend will normally be 50 per cent of the previous year’s total basic dividend. This split will more closely reflect the level of profits earned in the first half of each year. Strategy for growth Our strategy for growth remains on course. The four main themes of this strategy are: †¢ Maintaining the team’s playing success The changes to the squad seen in the summer have reduced the average age to 25 (27 last year) and provided the manager with greater depth and more options for team selection. Our academy structure continues to produce young prospects who may have the potential to break through into the first team. †¢ Developing the value of media rights The recently announced outcome of the invitation to tender for domestic FA Premier League TV rights for the period 2004/2005 to 2006/2007 has removed some of the uncertainty over the value of the core media rights. However, we are continuing to look for ways to exploit additional and exclusive content by creating Club products that compliment the core FA Premier League offering and distributing them through our own media channels, which include MU Interactive, MU Mobile and MU Pictures. 4 †¢ Leveraging the global brand The relationship with Nike has taken our brand strategy forward significantly during the year with the launch of the new home shirt in 58 territories and over 2. 5 million replica shirts (home, away and third strip) sold in the year. Over 40 per cent of the Nike Merchandising sales were generated outside the UK. The pre-season tour in the USA was very successful, building on our fan base there and our partner relationships. Over the four games 270,000 tickets were sold. †¢ Converting more fans to customers Our focus on improving our service to our fans and building our relationship with them remains a Company-wide objective. The Customer Relationship Management system is now fully operational with 1. 9 million fan records on the database, towards our target of 3. 5 million fan records by the end of 2005. We continue to learn about our fans’ interests and develop products and services for them. The launch, in June, of our ‘One United’ membership scheme led to 125,000 new members by 31 July 2003 compared to 87,000 members at the same time last year. In August we also launched the new Red Cinema concept in Salford Quays, near the Old Trafford stadium, as another new service for our fans. Outlook We started the 2003/2004 season full of confidence after the four successful wins in the USA against high quality opposition. Our victory over Arsenal in the Charity Shield was satisfying but was overshadowed by the tragic death the day before of our young player, Jimmy Davis, in a car accident. The manager and the players remain focused on maintaining the team’s success in the Premiership and progressing further in Europe. Our whole business is working hard to grow core revenues and profits. The close season player trading activity has ensured that the Group will maintain total wages costs below our target of 50 per cent of turnover. We expect wages for 2003/2004, for the same level of success, to be no higher than in 2002/2003. Manchester United has never been in a more robust financial position and the Board looks forward to the rest of the season with optimism about further playing success. That success, combined with our business development initiatives and the Group’s financial strength, will enable the Group to continue to generate value for our shareholders. Sir Roy Gardner Chairman 30 September 2003 5 Operational review The past year has been a period of great progress for Manchester United, both as a football club and as a global brand. On the field, we won our eighth Premiership title in 11 years and performed well in the other major cup competitions, confirming that Sir Alex and his squad are as hungry for success as ever. With success, however, comes the risk of complacency, and it is essential that we continue to develop and evolve our playing squad if we are to maintain our challenge to compete with the best. Squad development requires significant investment, and it is therefore vital for us to grow our revenues and to develop even stronger relationships with our fans. We recognise that their loyalty is perhaps our greatest strength – which is why we work hard to earn their trust through communications tools such as the Fans’ Forum and Fan Satisfaction Surveys, and by improving the quality and range of services we offer them. Success on and off the field 6 The depth of our fans’ affinity with the Club and the breadth of our global supporter base are influential factors in growing the value of media and sponsorship rights, a key strategic objective for the Group. The Chairman has reiterated our four core strategies: †¢ Maintaining the playing success †¢ Developing the value of media rights †¢ Leveraging the global brand †¢ Converting more fans into customers These strategies will drive growth in our matchday, media and commercial revenues and underpin increased shareholder value. Manchester United’s success on and off the field has been built up over a long period by my predecessors as Chief Executive, Martin Edwards and Peter Kenyon. Having worked with them both over the last six years, I share their vision and passion for the Club. I intend to continue to pursue the central objective that has guided our progress in the recent past: to grow Manchester United not just as a football club, but also as a global brand.

The Necessity Of Positive And Normative Economics Essays (1515 words)

The Necessity Of Positive And Normative Economics Keynes once wrote: The object of a positive science is the establishment of uniformities, of a normative science the determination of ideals. (Blaug, 122) This is the dichotomy that economists recognize when approaching their field of study. The social scientist must recognize both positive and normative distinctions, means and ends, as important factors of fruitful research. Secondly, they must clearly express the conditions and assumption which theories holds in order for economics to be useful for society. Positive science is that which is a fact of nature or a fact by definition. In mathematics this is the difference between the knowledge that the angles of a triangle sum to 180 degrees, and the definition of a triangle as a two dimensional polygon with 3 sides. In economics, such facts of knowledge include that money is a store of value, or facts of definition that the UNs Human Development Index ranks Canada above Mexico. These are all positive facts. Whether they rely or are associated with values does not reduce their factualness to a normative realm. One cannot refute positive statements by claiming they are arrived at due to values. It is up to normative science to judge the value of the HDI, a positive fact, and not mistake this action as denying the existence of the HDI. This is probably better stated with a topic from macroeconomics. Suppose that some economists agree that inflation produces the social cost of having to adjust prices to new levels. This is a completely positive statement. As long as every term has been clearly defined, one can understand the relation between inflation (as defined) and cost (as defined). Yes, the definitions have been chosen based on specific values, but this does not disaffirm the statement as a true reflection of reality. Suppose we make a true statement which denies that inflation produces this social cost, by defining inflation or the cost differently. The old positive fact of reality that the first statement asserted has not changed. By changing definitions, we have merely created a new positive statement. A statement is a true positive fact, according to Weston, when it is consistent with definitions and axioms that define the system. We are not necessarily saying anything about what is true outside of that sys tem. (Weston, 4) The values we have based each statement on does not induce them into the sphere of normative science. Neither makes any statement concerning the values of inflation or costs, nor that one statement is preferable over the other. Here lies the duty of the economist: to make a normative decision on which positive statements are most applicable to the needs of society. Do we want to evaluate policy based on inflation definition number one or two? Do we care about social cost one more than social cost two? These are in the scope of normative science. Effectual positive facts are the means in reality to achieve ends. In this manner, economics is not value-free, and for good reason. There must be some utility gained from knowledge for research to be beneficial to mankind. Positive facts are not study for the sake of learning positive facts, but as a possible means to an end. Normative economics are those value statements which guide our use and development of positive science. Positive facts are not limited by our values, but we can use our values to determine which positive statements are of most interest to society. Positive statements are the basis for any science, but do little good for mankind if we do not evaluate and distinguish some statements as more useful than others. Thus positive science is made fruitful through normative values, and reciprocally, normative judgments are based on objective positive science. It is best to demonstrate this with an example from a less controversial science, physics. If a physicist decides that we need to further study thermodynamics in a specific way because of the needs of applications in space, his approach is a normative decision based on the normative desires of some group of people. However, the results which he arrives at will remain true for the conditions and viewpoint specified, despite the value to the space industry, which may

How to Live with 15300$

How to Live with 15300$ Introduction Family income is a particular sum of money the whole family gets annually. The salaries, income from deposits and other stable and regular incomes are really important for the family as depending on this information many families plan their costs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How to Live with 15300$ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Having the information about the annual income of the family and the list of the obligatory costs, it is possible to calculate the expenses of the family, the cloths they can buy and the number of entertaining places they can visit. Moreover, the food and other unexpected costs should be considered. However, it seems rather difficult for the family to pay attention to unexpected expenses and to plan them if the family income is too low. Additionally, there are a number of notions which should be considered while discussion of the family budget. The Consumer Price Index is t he notion which should not be avoided as it is the measure which points at the obligatory items people are to be able to buy on the salaries and income they have. Family and Living Conditions The situation is the follows. The family consists of a father, a mother, and two kids, a 10 years old girl, and a 4 years old boy. The family lives in the personal house which is not that small as children do not have to share the rooms and have their personal ones. The family income comprises 15300$ annually, which is about $1275 monthly. The task is to consider the budget of the family, and calculate their costs on the basis of the fact that these people are to live in the house, buy food and clothes and provide other expenses obligatory for an average American citizen. Consumer basket The consumer basket is the number of categories which account the items necessary for living. There are about 200 categories which are gathered into eight great groups.Advertising Looking for essay on b usiness economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education and communication, other goods and services are the items which are to be involved in calculation. Thus, using this pattern as the basis for creating the budget for a family, the following data should be considered. Things necessary for living As it has already been mentioned, the family is to be able to buy the items mentioned in the consumer basket. Here is the detailed description for each of the major categories. Food and beverages are important for the family, however, paying attention to their low income, this category should be presented with breakfast cereal with milk, coffee or tea, chicken (another type of meat may be too costly for the family), wine, and full service meals which are comprised of a great many of different vegetables and other products. Much attention sh ould be paid to the prices in this category. The cereals may cost about $22.08, different breakfast bars and other snacks about $2-3 per item. This may be enough for a week or two. Milk will cost the family about $90 a week (1 pack costs $30, which is for two-three days). The process are presented as the sample how the average annual cost of the life was calculated for the family. The prices for most of the products may vary greatly depending on the season and on the place where the products are to be bought. This category also covers eggs, fruits, fats and oils, alcoholic beverages, meat, etc. The general expenses on this category are to be much greater, however the family cannot allow to pay more than $500 as in this case they will no have an opportunity to pay for other services. The price means that the family is unable to eat meat every day, eggs and fresh mils appears on the table also rarely. Tasty and expensive fruits, candies, and other sweets are not eaten too often.Advert ising We will write a custom essay sample on How to Live with 15300$ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Housing is another parameter which is to be paid. Thus, this category covers the expenses on the house. Being the personal house, the family is just to pay the rent and other services such as gas, water, light. The owners equivalent rent or bedroom furniture are not considered. However, the family may spend some extra money of repairing or new objects which are too important. The average cost of the items may be about $200 a month. Apparel is the third parameter in the family budget. Having too low income, the family cannot allow to buy cloths too often, the one or two items per person a month. If the cloths are not necessary right now, the family has to save this money of more expensive cloths of shoes. To the point, this category covers men’s, boys’, girl’s and women’s apparel along with footwear. About $100 is the cost for this category. Transportation is an inevitable part of the family. The family is unable to buy a new vehicle, however, they are to spend money on gasoline and motor vehicle insurance which s not cheap. The costs depend on the distances the members of the family have to ride every day. Paying attention to the fact that the family is poor and cannot allow to drive too much, their costs on gasoline are minimal. Medical care is an important aspect. People are to buy prescription drugs and medical supplies if they are ill, physicians services are also to be paid along with the hospital services. Paying attention to the fact that the family cannot allow substantial nutrition with all the necessary vitamins and minerals, they are more subjected to getting sick that increases the costs on medication.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is presupposes that people will not be sick each month, the average sum of the medical costs should be about $100 monthly (as all the calculations are based on the average month income considered from the annual one). Recreation services are important however, the family does not have an opportunity to but toys, have pets and pay for television annually. Therefore, the family has to enjoy the free TV and the toys and entertainments they already have. However, the family members can allow to have a rest once a year if the cost of the vocation is not too high. The family can allow to spend about $2000 annually. Education and communication are important as children are to study. However, it increases costs as the family has to spend money of books, copybooks, cloths and other items which are obligatory and cannot be avoided. Moreover, the computer services are also important as having no opportunity to have the computer at home, school children are to pay for those services to be able to hand in the printed papers and submit the works on time. Other goods and services such as the services of the haircuts and other expenses are to be considered annually due to the low income of the family these services are not too often used. The extra costs of the family are also to be covered. The household troubles, funerals, costs devoted to unexpected loss of working opportunities, different presents for birthdays and personal birthdays of the family members are to be considered. It is hard to predict the sum of money on these events as in most cases family with such low income celebrate only too important dates. Arguments Thus, having considered the family income and the costs it has to endure, it should be stated that the family is to pay obligatory $900 annually without considering the medical services, education and extra costs which are obligatory. Conclusion In conclusion, it should be stated that he family is very poor and cannot allow many particular thin gs. Children are to wear the clothes of their older brothers or sisters, they are unable to attend different entertaining facilities, they cannot eat too tasty and delicious meals as they cannot afford them due to high prices and low income. The absence of the appropriate nutrition increases the risk of infection that raises the family expenses and puts them at risk of loosing a feeder of the family for a period of the illness. It is essential for the family to increase the income as the living on 15300$ annually is too hard, children do not get appropriate education, they are limited in many opportunities and as a result they may get worse education than others do. How to live with 15300$ Introduction With the rising hard economy of this twenty first century, everyone has to know how to budget for the little annual income that they earn. This is extremely necessary in order to cater for the needs of families.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How to live with 15300$ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A budget is a financial document used to project future income and expenses. The budgeting process helps individuals involved estimate if they go on with the operation according to the income that they earn or not. This paper is discussing a family budgeting. Requirements of a good budget It is necessary for one to know the actual income before planning the budget. For one to be able to make a successful budget there are a number of features to consider; categories that fit one’s personal situation and spending habits only, and income expectations, which are right. One should reflect how he or she spen ds money so as to cut down costs where necessary and the budget should entail costs that are not on a monthly basis. These are a few of requirements that this family of four can consider. This family where the annual earning is 15300 dollars is living in a low social economic life. This is because it is estimated that poverty lies among citizens who earn 10000 dollars annually. This family is slightly above the poverty line. Therefore, it should not go for the most costly expenses. Housing This family should go for a house that has a minimum of three bedrooms. This is due to reason that the ten year old girl and the four year old boy will not share bedrooms. The house should also be located in an area occupied by middle class people. This is where the family can get an affordable three bedroom house. Also, commodities in the locality are available at fair prices. This family should also look for a house that is not far from their places of work. The house location ought to be near s ocial amenities like hospitals and schools. Due to their earning, this family ought to live in a house worth 3,240 dollars annually to avoid spending more than their income.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Buying clothes Clothes are also basic, thus this family can budget to purchase both second hand clothes and the brand new ones. In accordance to their annual income, they should spend approximately 4,800$ per year. While budgeting for the children’s clothes, these parents should consider the size of the clothes. They ought to purchase clothes that are not very fitting. This ensures that the children wear the clothes for a long period of time. Also, they should buy clothes that are of good quality. This helps them avoid buying clothes frequently due to wearing out. In addition, they can sort out their clothes to get the one that have outgrown their children and theirs that are not in use. Instead of disposing them, they can sell them as second hand clothes. This will earn them some income that can help them meet their family needs. Such income can also be used in case of emergencies like sicknesses. Education The children in this family require education at different levels due to their age differences. The parents should look for schools located near the middle class people. This is because the schools are affordable according to their annual income. The parents should look for a school that charges fees of approximately 1,260 dollars for the four year old boy. For the ten year old girl the fees should amount to around 2370 dollars. This means that the total cost for school fees in this family per year will be 3630 dollars. The children should be taken to one school. This has very many advantages. One, the school fees, is paid at the same time and place. Secondly, these brother and sister go to school at the same time. Hence, they sa ve time for parents to attend to other chores. Also, when purchasing the uniform, parents are able to cut the cost. This is because the four year old boy can wear the pullovers and socks that have outgrown the ten year old girl. In addition to the advantages, the boy uses the text books and revision books that were used by the older girl. This ensures that the parents purchase textbooks only once that is, for the ten year old girl. Parents are able to cut down the cost of the school fees. Since the school is located near the family’s home, parents are able to take lunch to their children instead of including it in the school fees. Moreover, the transport fee is low since the school is not far from their home.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How to live with 15300$ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In education, the father and mother of these children should remember to insure their children’s future edu cation. This includes high school and higher learning institutions. Since this is done annually, the parents dedicate a certain amount of money from their salary. Transportation The family should always look for the cheapest means of transport as they move from one location to another. They can use the railway transport since it is the cheapest across the world. To help cut down transportation cost, the family should always walk to places that are not far. For instance, they should walk to the nearest market centers. They ought to worship at the nearest places. The annual transportation cost for the parents should be approximately 500 dollars. This applies if they work at a distance where they cannot walk. A decent house location also helps in cutting down the cost of transportation. Therefore, during budgeting, this family should consider the house nearness to social amenities. When health facilities, schools, together with others are near, the family will use little money on trans port. Healthcare Health is one of the most fundamental requirements in a family. Healthcare involves a number of activities. For instance, eating a balanced diet, regular check- ups, and living in a clean home environment. To boost healthcare in the family, a family should be located in an area where they can access it easily. This family’s home should be near a hospital. This is because children fall sick often; hence they should be rushed to hospital fast. To keep the environment clean, this family must spend some funds. For example they spend money when buying treated mosquito nets, purchasing detergents, tools for trimming flowerbeds and bushes, and hiring a gardener. The family should also have a thorough weekly general cleaning. This includes cleaning all the bedding, clothes, and the whole house. If the family maintains this high standard of cleanliness, it reduces the chances of them falling sick. This reduces the cost of treatment because they will not visit the hosp ital regularly. This family should budget for health care at an amount of approximately 2,973 dollars annually.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The family should make sure that every member is insured against health care. This helps them receive the best health care no matter the price of medicine prescribed. Apart from other basic needs in this family, there are other requirements that are not expected. Therefore, it is necessary for them to save some money for such emergencies. This helps the family avoid borrowing money now and then when such cases arise. Thus, they can open a bank account to save the remaining amount of their annual income which is 119 dollars. Conclusion This family of four ought to put apart some time to plan on how to budget on their earnings. This helps them spend wisely so that they can meet all their basic needs. This plan will also ensure that there is a balance in the allocation of funds, in all their basic requirements. This will also help the family relieve the burden of thinking on how to spend their earnings every time they are paid. Good budgeting also helps the family live peacefully. This is because there are no issues of drug abuse like alcoholism which result to quarrels in the family. Budgeting is, therefore, a peace contributing factor in families. In addition, proper budgeting helps is reducing the chances of poverty due to poor spending of income earning. Therefore, budgeting is highly essential to all families and especially to a family that earns an annual income of 15300 dollars. This is all that is necessary for proper budgeting.

Fundraising Through Commercial Social Networks by Non-Profit Assignment

Fundraising Through Commercial Social Networks by Non-Profit Organizations - Assignment Example Following the path set by Facebook, the other industry participants including Twitter, LinkedIn and MySpace are managing to catch attention of people having shares of around 57%, 30% and 7% respectively in the year 2011. All these CSNs except Facebook have shown a sluggish negative growth as compared to the previous year. In terms of community membership, Facebook is well above from Twitter having an average of 6,376 members. Twitter is hardly chasing Facebook in this regard and having an average of 1,822 members in the year 2011. The effort of fund raising through Facebook has been growing but not as enormously as it can be. Groups that are generating funds from Facebook have a range of $1 to $10,000 per year. This statistics has risen from 38% to 46% from 2009 to 2011. The number of organizations which raises funds through Facebook and other commercial social networking operations has doubled from 0.2% to 0.4%. These organizations raise about $10,000 or more annually. But the amoun t and the number of fundraising organization is still a very thin slice of the entire sector. Non profits organizations believe that they see the efforts of commercial social networking as valuable enough. ... The average number of Facebook followers for a fundraising organization named as Master Social Fundraiser has approximately 100,000 members. This number of members is 15 times higher than the average number of members of fundraising organization. It testifies that the raising of large amount of dollars from social networks can have a huge community. Getting appropriate staff is another concern. 30% of the staff of Master Fundraiser dedicates 3+ staff to fundraising and managing for the presence at other social networks. It proves that resourcing is the major criterion to be considered while raising funds through a social network operation like Facebook. In fact, it really does not matter if the size of non-profits is large or small. If the management and staffing is done adequately and in proper manner, then even a small fundraising can generate $100,000 or more through Facebook. Why Nonprofits are not on Commercial Social Networks The late adopters who have establish presence on Fac ebook (10% of nonprofits) has revealed that it is due to lack of strategic goals and it is the only reason they stay off which is true for almost 60% of such organizations. Lack of good planning of budget and staff is another contributing factor towards this failure of such strategies which is about 36% and 57% respectively (lack of expertise). Controls and Privacy concerns also generate issues for fundraising for about 21 and 24% respectively. Hard – ROI Approach In order to get a better idea, regarding the effectiveness of fundraising through CSN, around 869 non-profit organizations are taken into considerations. These non-profit organizations use a hard-ROI approach in assessing the effectiveness of CNSs for their fundraising activity.

Social Justice Issues Concerning Minority Children in America Term Paper

Social Justice Issues Concerning Minority Children in America - Term Paper Example This cannot and should not be understood to mean that minority children are somehow irrevocably different or predisposed to certain strengths or weaknesses. Rather, environmental factors as well as the pervasive views within society, uneven allocation of resources, and the alternative approaches that certain cultures take with regards to the topics which will herein be discussed are the most powerful factors in shaping the way that minorities must integrate with the overall application and importance of such determinants. With regards to the cognitive development that takes place within minority shareholders, it is the very strong belief of this author that this determinant/measurement is fundamentally and absolutely no different than the level of cognitive development that takes place within white/affluent shareholders. The greatest level of differentiation with regards to this is realized as a function of the quality of the educational system itself and the degree to which the fami ly impact upon this cognitive development. ... Strident members of one side of the argument state that minority students are nearly an entire standard deviation away from their white counterparts with regards to their overall level of scholastic achievement. Those in disagreement with such a stance pointed the fact that the gap is necessarily smaller yet nonetheless extraordinarily important to focus upon and seek to fix. The ugly truth at the heart of the matter is with regards to the quality of the teachers, the overall level of funding, and the importance that education and scholastics is able to realize on the home front of these minority families (Deo, 2012). With regards to the first two of these determinants, they can be understood to integrate most closely with a level of tacit racism that exists within the educational system. Due to the fact that the US Department of Education, and community shareholders, must seek to allocate limited resources in order to affect limitless needs, minority neighborhoods/communities are of tentimes deprived of fundamental and necessary technologies, high quality teachers, and monetary resources with which to effect positive growth on the overall level of academic achievement that their students can reflect (Pilkington, 2013). However, this last determinant which has been listed is with regards to the level of importance that education plays within the family unit. Although the first two of these determinants can be affected from a governmental/community level, the third is one that must necessarily take place within the home. It is the further understanding of this particular author that the tests and metrics that are used to measure students are not in and of themselves biased; rather, the appropriation of funding, resources, and

Disciplan Plan for Kindergarten Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Disciplan Plan for Kindergarten - Coursework Example No matter how much planning goes into the curriculum, relationship building, and student assessment, it all stands useless if the classroom is inefficiently managed. However, rewards and punishment policy is focused upon the development of a child’s extrinsic motivation but his or her intrinsic motivation is negatively affected especially at the kindergarten level of education. Rewards and punishment power base used by a teacher might help in implementing discipline in the classroom for the short term but since intrinsic motivation is not developing, a seemingly well-behaved child would tend to deviate from his conduct in the absence of the opportunity of rewards. Although this strategy is most effective amongst the primary level of kindergarten level education, the child’s self-development and inherent nature are hampered. Hence one needs to combine this with some other strategies in order to formulate a discipline plan ideally suited for the inherent development of th e child studying in the kindergarten. For instance referent power base demanding the complete involvement of the teacher might be well suited to this level of education system. Hence one or more of such approaches or power system might be implemented. A collaborative strategy might be put into effect where the control lies partly in the hands of the teacher and partly with the students. This is a collaboration of student-directed as well as teacher-directed approach. There are four power bases and three management theories, which need to be selectively chosen from in order to implement a discipline plan for a classroom. The four power bases are referent power, legitimate power, expert power and reward/punishment. The theories are student directed or non-interventionist, teacher-directed or interventionist and collaborative.  Ã‚  

Importance of employee relationship management

Importance of employee relationship management Employee-relationship management is an important aspect of any organizations success. The world is becoming increasingly global, the competition in different industries is soaring high coupled with rising recession woes and layoffs. Amidst, these kind of panicky and intense circumstances, stress levels at work places have been at an all time high. It is thus, very important to effectively manage employees in organizations. Social values and beliefs systems play a pivotal role in shaping up the attitude and behavior of various individuals and organizations towards employment-management relationship. Many individuals tend to look for a broader, introspective meaning in the work that will enable them to feel that they are contributing to the community at large. In most organizations, the urge to behave ethically and to assume responsibility for social and environmental consequences of their doing, has become mandatory in developing good employment relationship management at work. The tr end for individual and organizational behavior is more output oriented today. The output is in line with the ethical and social values that have a direct impact on psychological contracts created in todays organizations. This paper will critically analyze psychological contract in the contemporary organization. What are the issues associated with psychological contract, what are the ethical standards of behavior, in light of both, the individual as well as the organization. It is important to study this, because employee performance is directly related to his morale and higher the employee morale, the higher his productivity and higher the chances of enterprise productivity. According to Nelson, employees evaluate the organizations actions with respect to the contributions the organization has contracted deliver. When they see no discrepancies, the psychological contact continues to remain stead. On the other hand, Feldman believes that if a discrepancy is observed, the individual will undergo a cognitive process in figuring out if the discrepancy has a positive or a negative impact. If they feel that its a positive impact, then business continues as usual while if the impact is negative then the discrepancy is considered as a breach. Anderon and Schalk, Morrision and Robinso are of the view that the level of emotional involvement will determine if the breach is a violation indeed. They believe that a lot of factors are responsible in magnifying the scale of the loss. This includes the history and the current stature of the employment relationship too. This means that not every discrepancy can be considered as a breach and not every breach can be qualify to to be called contractual violated.However, the expanded interpretive framework. Thus, as explained by Nelson in his study, the expansion of the interpretive framework for the psychological helps us to look beyond the constraints associated with transactional and relational parameters that have held sway in most research related to psychological contract. It allows us to identify the boundaries of individual-organization,where relationships are subjective and can be affected by forces that exist beyond these boundaries. In another study conducted by Cheng Ping Chang and PO Chiun HSU, an interview method was used to explore the psychological contracts of temporary employees working at the Administration Bureau of South Taiwan Science Park. The results of the study suggest that improvements in management practices and worker welfare work positively. These suggestions can be employed by government agencies who hire temporary employees. The term psychological contract was introduced by Argyris in 1960. He linked it with an unwritten agreement. He explains that whenever an employment relationship exisits, an innate psychological contract takes form between the individual and the organization. On the other hand, Levinson believes that psychological contract is an unwritten, connotative contract on the general rights, duties, and expectations of employeer and employee. There are two dimensions of this contract: the individual and the employee. Schein on the other hand feels that psychological contract play s a pivotal role in shaping the behavior of an organization. These views were contradicted by Rousseau who recently explained that the psychological contract is more than just agreement between the employee and the organization. It is an individuals trust in the organizations. Its about the individuals belief of their employment and the the extent to which they feel that the employer is dedicated to them. Thus the perception of psychological contract varies in light of general expectations, the individuals belief about work, or their expected status in the organization. In Changs study a qualitative analysis was undertaken to determine the difference between the psychological contract as perceived by a temporary employee and as implemented by the employment company actually. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with employees at the Bureau of South Taiwan Science Park and the data consolidated and analysed. The results of the study demonstrate that ideal psychological contract of the temporary employee resembles that of a permanent employee. Because temporary employees, do not receive benefits such as bonuses and vacations,certain differences exist between the permanent and the temporary employee. In their study, Culliane and Tundane have questioned the theoretical deficiencies in the existing literatureon psychological contract. From the work of Argyris to Rousseau to Guest recently, there is a realization that more needs to be done to give the psychological contract a viable framework which is capable of understanding thhe complex nature of the relation between the employeer and the employee. They also threw light on some of the central points which have been left un-attended in literature. The need to theorize the psychological contract to advance understanding was voiced out by them. Irrespective of various theoretical and empirical implication, the paper realizes that the notion of psychological contract continues to be popular in todays age and time. In the study conducted by Jeffrey. N. Street, employee commitment to the organization was examined as an outcome variable fo the psychological contract. He explains it is generally referred by many as the employee perception of the value he gets in exchange of his work at employment. Streets study is primarily conceptual in nature with propositions related to the impact on individualism and collectivisim on the type of contract formed, whether transactional or relational are offered and discussed. Street draws comparison between the psychological contract of the Japenese and Americans. While Japaneese psychological contract of the employee is relational, in the United States, it is primarily transactional. In transactional contracts, there are tangible benefits such as salary betweent the employee and the employeer while high competitive wages and absence of long term commitments are characteristics of transactional contracts. Street proposed a study on mid-level managers and mid-career salaried professionals of Japanese-American firms stationed in the United States and of Japanese firms located in Japan. He believed that the organizational level and position of each participant would be identified by each company on the basis of the description of the target respondent. The study has its own limitations. The biggest problem in studying Japanese owned firms in the United States is the fact that they are unusual organizations and have little in common with other organizations. There is a lot of cultural diversity in the United States. It impacts the influence of individualism on the formation of the psychological contract. The study will have determine the impact of changes in work atmosphere in the United States where jobs are no longer considered as safe because of the extent of change in society in the last couple of decades.

Gilgamesh and Enkidu Character Building Plot Essay -- essays papers

Gilgamesh and Enkidu Character Building Plot Gilgamesh and Enkidu: Character Building Plot The creation of an intriguing plot must involve at least one major character whose own actions and external interactions dictate his or her development. External interactions between round characters, static characters, and environmental or supernatural activities, within the plot affect the decisions of the major character, providing the foundation for the story line to proceed. These decisions also mold the character’s thoughts, values and will, thereby, influencing future choices. Through this pattern of cause and effect, an author can sculpt a character in anyway he or she desires. This character building and story telling technique is nothing new in the history of literature, as it appears in the oldest written story known to man, Gilgamesh. In this classic epic, an unknown author employs these techniques to illustrate and develop the characteristics of the two major characters, Gilgamesh and Enkidu, in their march towards their destinies. Gilgamesh exemplifies character development through the arrival and death of his best friend, Enkidu. At first, the people of Uruk describe their ruler Gilgamesh, with resentment of his actions. They complain â€Å"His arrogance has no bounds by day or night. No son is left with his father, for Gilgamesh takes them all†¦yet the king should be a shepherd to his people. His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior’s daughter nor the wife of the noble; yet this is the shepherd of the city, wise, comely, and resolute.† This causes the god of Uruk, Anu, to create Enkidu, a companion and diversion for Gilgamesh. Immediately after their friendship begins, Gilgamesh’s selfish characte... ...ie like a man fallen in battle†¦happy is the man who falls in battle.† This quote sums up Enkidu’s total transformation from animal to human and his acquisition of heroic values, such as honor, through his friendship with Gilgamesh. Throughout the epic novel of Gilgamesh, the cause and effect nature of the plot, affect the development of the major characters Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The character development, in turn, advances the plot towards its theme of fate. This vicious cycle repeats itself numerous times as the story and characters feed off each other. This remarkable ancient literary work displays one of the most clever and fascinating uses of character and plot development and serves as a guideline for modern writing. Bibliography: Lawell, Sarah, ed. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces: The Western Tradition. vol.I. New York: Norton, 1999.

Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria Essay

Basically, Nigeria is a plural society and heterogeneous in virtually all the facet of life. The custom and tradition of Nigerians is so diverse to the extent that Nigeria as a country is now confronted with the problem of religion and ethnicity towards their political stability. The origin and history of ethnic conflict (societal wars and violence) can be traced from eternal (internal) state rivalry to external (physical). And its root cause is not very far from power competition and decision making over economic resources and other important human factor, like position. The implementation process has always involved more than one or two persons. In general concept, the author of this work traces conflict back to the first and early Patriarchal of human history and ever since then, there has been an increase (in various dimensions) of Conflict in the face of human world. Some are personal (internal) conflict, family, community, and group, intellectual, state, national and international in nature, to mention but few. In conforming to this idea, Badawi (2006) in his statement titled â€Å"World Apart† stated thus, â€Å"indeed the greatest discord today is among the descendants of Abraham. These are the people of the book, the followers of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, who had in fact shared a common beginning in the religion of Abraham†. In shedding more light in the above statement, Badawi statement goes far beyond religion, rather, he was tracing one of the earliest source of conflict which Badawi mentioned the off-springs of the said Abraham. Even before Abraham, there had been conflict, so it is as old as human history down to the Abrahamic period, to ancient kingdoms, Dukes, and Kings. In about 88 B. C. , King Mithriadates VI of Pontus invaded Roman territory in Asian Minor. He advised Asian debtors to kill their Roman creditors. Happy to reduce their credit card bills, the Asians massacred 80,000 Romans. Ethno-political conflicts have greatly shaped our present world and of course have its structural phenomenon, (William Easterly, 2001). For instances, the conflict we now call Israeli and Palestinian war, has been an ever-lengthening sort. The Assyrian, Babylonian war, by King Nebuchadnezzar of the hanging Garden in history, the Persia war, Alexander the Great (the Macedonian mad man in history), the German war of Adolf’s. Hitler, the Roman wars, narrowing all these down, we came to the horn of African continent which seem to be an epidemic field of conflicts of diverse kinds till date. The giant-lion of African continent, just like the origin of conflict is said to have stated very old in human history, even so in the case of Nigeria, which can be traced to the colonial period of history. Conflict takes different sizes and shapes with diverse reasons and purposes. Majority of the conflicts takes time before their escalation and at such, could have been transformed right at their respective early stages. The history of ethnicity and ethnic conflicts in Nigeria is also traced back to the colonial transgressions that forced the ethnic groups of the northern and southern provinces to become an entity called Nigeria in 1914. In the case of Nigeria situation, disturbing history of colonialism, this generated hatred and conflict among different ethnic groups. The task of addressing this seed of conflict planted by the British has been a complex one. After weakening the former diverse kingdoms, Emperors, etc now called Nigeria and reordering the groups’ politics, the colonial powers failed in nation building and providing for the people’s basic needs. Hence, unemployment, poverty increase, and due to these, conflict over scarce resources ensue. The Southern and Northern protectorates were also being amalgamated into a nation. Thereafter, the merging of different colonies into one country called Nigeria was forcefully done without the people’s consent. This was a major seed of conflict that is still troubling Nigeria today. This article is focused on the historical incidents of ethnic conflicts in within Nigeria societies, the cause of the conflicts and perhaps, the government actions towards ethnic conflict in the country. In conclusion, this paper will explore into decision-making (by the elites and those in authority) process has contributed immensely in generating the syndromes of conflict in the said state. The Nigerian political situation has witnessed more breaking of heads, than counting them. In fact, even when it has been convenient for heads to be counted, the outcome has always been the breaking of heads instead. Conflict in Nigeria is so intense because of lack of democratic behaviour. The head of the individual in the democratic context signifies citizenship. So when heads are broken in the Nigerian political community, the issue in respect of broken heads is citizenship. If conflict in Nigeria means the absence of democratic behaviour, it follows, therefore, that conflict in Nigeria is interwoven with the absence of democratic governance. Gurr (2000): has also shown that the incidence of conflicts at the global level declined in recent years with the deepening of democratisation. Nation-states where conflicts persist are those where what obtains is the democratisation of disempowerment (Ake 1996). Beyond the veneer of elections, the state remains ambushed, privatised, repressive and unpopular. The people who were tantalised by the prospect of a democratic revolution that would terminate decades of alienation and pauperisation have been short changed and given a ‘choice less democracy’ (Mkandawire 1999). The ‘credibility gap’ which fostered the De-linkage of the people from the state, and ignited social forces to struggle for democracy, is not being bridged (Rothchild 1995: 58). African peoples out of clear rational calculations sans atavistic attachments have turned their backs on the state ‘and given their loyalty to sub-national social formations such as the community, the sub nationality or ethnic groups’ (Ake 2000: 114). It is against this backdrop that the proliferation and exacerbation of violent ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria in the post-transition period can be appreciated. This article adopts an analytical framework that holds that The interface between ethnicity and democratisation is found in absence of effective citizenship and good governance in post-transition societies. In the circumstance that democracy does not go beyond the conduct of multiparty elections to include improvement in the quality of life of the people, there is frustration, and people who already feel alienated from the state are vulnerable and likely to be mobilised around counter-elites who exploit extant popular alienation from the state by whipping up sectarian sentiments. This has been the case in Nigeria and several multi-ethnic states of Africa (Osaghae 1994). Although the foregoing theoretical discussion has focused on ethnicity, the term ethno-religious is adopted because some of the recent violent conflicts to be examined were triggered by religious issues. The relevance of religion is also underlined by the fact that in Nigeria ethnic boundaries tend to coincide with religion, with the exception of the Yoruba ethnic group (Ibrahim 1999). The Nigeria state was amalgamated in the year 1914 by lord lugard. The various geographical areas or territory which was amalgamated to form Nigeria by the colonialist comprises of various cleavages, clans, towns even there were kingdoms and chiefdoms with diverse culture, language, religion, norms values, customs and political structures etc. The focus of the research monogram is to examine the role of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria nascent democracy. In Nigeria especially, religion plays a very vital and influential role in the society that has manifested itself as a potent force in the political development of the Nigerian state from pre-independence to post-independence. Hardly can the Nigerian state be talked about without reference to religion (Kukah, 1994; Falola, 1990; Kenny, 2006; International IDEA, 2000; Suberu, 2009). However, religion in Nigeria, at different levels, is mostly mentioned in negative terms. Or rather, historical events linked to religion tilts more towards its negative than its positive contribution to the Nigerian state. The Jihad, the civil war propaganda, the Sharia law controversy, the tensions provoked by the Nigerian accession to the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) and the incessant religious crises that have engulfed the Northern part mainly indicate that religion cannot be ignored or wished away in the Nigerian political development. Several religious crises have occurred in Nigeria. They have been documented as academic dissertations for some of them. This piece of work does not intend to start the discourse on religious violence anew but only recognizes the fact that as a recurrent phenomenon it is worth being explored further. Thus â€Å"Boko Haram† menace which gained global recognition and even press support ranging from July 2009 till date is a the central focus of this study together with other riots which has engulfed the Nigeria state from 1999 till date which most Nigeria educated elite believed that religion and ethnicity were the basic causes. The educated elite have conducted series of research on what the causes of this violent riots maybe. Most have concluded that it can be traced and linked to the failure of governance in Nigeria. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS The mistake of 1914 has polarised the Nigeria society together with its citizens in which loyalty to the State is a mirage instead people pay loyalty to their various families and ethnic groups the effect of this can be traced to 1967 civil-war which disintegrate the country or in the political system which almost lead to secession of the country with the easterner believed to be the aggrieved ethnic in the war. Similarly Nigeria has a long history of religious crisis which has affected the political instability of Nigeria. The maintasine riot of 1980 can be said to be the first major religious riot in Nigerian history, claiming about 800 lives. The Boko Haram insurgence in the northern part of the country which has been directed mainly against the Christians, they have suffered a lot both physically, psychologically, economically, spiritually and even politically in the far North which has led political writers and pundits to affirm that Boko Haram conflict has its roots in Religion. The thrust of this work will be to examine the underlying reasons behind political instability in Nigeria using religion and ethnicity as a paradigm. 1. 3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. The study will cover the impacts of religion and ethnicity towards the stabilization or in- stabilization of the Nigeria political system it will cover how religion and ethnicity have impacted on the political stability of Nigeria. Furthermore the study will emphasize more on the role the government is playing in stabilizing the un-stabilized country. 1. 4OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The following can be regarded as the aims and objective of the study 1. To know the meaning of religion, ethnicity, political stability, and political instability 2. To know how religion and ethnicity have negatively impacted on Nigerian political development 3. To develop possible solutions and panaceas to the problems of religions and ethnicity to Nigerian political in-stability 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 What meaning does religion, ethnicity and political instability carries 2 How has religion and ethnicity impacted on the political stability of Nigeria 3 what are the possible solutions to the problem of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria political system 1. 6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY Many a developing countries of the world are currently experiencing the problems which ethnicity and religion have caused. The ethnic problem which led to the apartheid era in South Africa is also the same ethnicity and religion problem which has almost disintegrated the Nigerian State. Recalling back to what happen during the civil war in the late sixties and early seventies which led to the introduction of the national youth service corp. by the then military president General Yakubu Gowon which aim at integrating back the almost disintegrated country. Books, Journals, Magazines, Pamphlets, and lot of researches have been written and carried out respectively on the issue of ethnicity and religion, and its impact on the Nigeria political stability. This research work will serve as an additional material to the issue on ethnicity and religion to political instability in Nigeria, this work will focus more on ethnicity and religion and its impact on Nigerian politics 1. 7RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology will be based on secondary data collections ranging from books, Journals Newspapers, News Magazines, Pamphlets and even the Internet. In conducting any research basically there are two methodologies employed by researchers which are the primary and the secondary methods. This research work will be basically conducted using the secondary methodology as earlier mentioned. 1. 8DEFINITION OF TERMS Ethnicity: According to the oxford advance learners dictionary ethnicity can simply mean â€Å"the fact of belonging to a particular race† from the dictionary meaning we can deduced the fact that Humans believed in race and they have passion for race which leads to humans ethnocentrism i. e. highly ethnocentric in nature. Ethnicity has a strategic interaction of persons and other actors, who have different beliefs, attitude’s, values and goals as they decide particular conflict the distribution of resource’s and general issues of political rules within a context of norms, expectations and institutions. Any of the rule, expectation and institutions may be reversed, maintained or inverted by the individual who win the right to control them, in the course of those political negotiations that are sometimes called cooperation, and sometimes called war, and are usually somewhere between the two. In another sense, ethnic identity are political resources just like money or vote. Instrumentalist like Micheal Banton and Micheal Hecthtar, argue that ethnic identity are not inherent in group or socio-formation of people. They see ethnic identity as socio-capital brought to bear on the political negotiation table by different groups and at different times. Hutchinson and Smith also argue that ethnic identity are an important resource that political Elite employ in securing the support of the masses as a strategy for gaining a desired good. These goods and or goals are â€Å"measured in terms of wealth, power, and status and†¦ joining or national communities helps to secure these ends either by influencing the state, or in certain situations, through secession. Religion: religion on its own part can be regarded as the belief in the existence of God or gods and the activity that are connected in the worship of them. Religion can also be stress further by meaning one of the system of faith that are based on the belief in the existence of a particular God or gods. For example the Jewish religion, Christianity Islam and other world religion. Furthermore in the classical and ancient ages religion has achieved a lot in their politics for example the doctrine of Islam was used in many Arab nations has their constitution even up till the present age. The Ancient Romans, also, during the time of Constantine accepted Christianity as a religion and a mode of life which also affected their political terrain. Religion in the 21 century is now used narrowly towards Christianity and Islam even though other religion still exist but the former two religion have elevated to prominence that other religion are now beneath them. For instance about Political stability: can depict the mean of a system of politics in which the government of that State is experiencing a stable government and peaceful existence in the State or in otherworld’s a legitimately accepted government by the people. Democratically governed States are believed to be stable. In the global sense every political entity must be ruled democratically without internal oppression or external aggression. Any country of the world that is free from the aforementioned point are regarded as stable political system in other words internal oppression has cause a lot of havoc to many democracies of the world which has infringed on their stability as noted by Ojo 2002. Descent Rule: These covers a larger set of cases that we commonly understand to be ethnic than the rules that ethnic groups must have a myth of common ancestry or common origin. But it excludes several cases in which individuals routinely consider themselves, and are considered as members, of a group that we classify as ethnic even when their parents were not coded as members of this group. Take for example the category â€Å"Yoruba† when it was invented in Nigeria in the nineteenth century. At this time period, the parents of those who were classified as Yoruba were not themselves classified as Yoruba for the reason that this category did not exist during their lifetimes. According to Descent Rule, then, the category Yoruba in the nineteenth century would not be coded as ethnic. But the category Yoruba is universally coded as an ethnic category by all comparative political scientists, without making a distinction between time periods. As another example, consider the category â€Å"Backward Caste† in India, which included as members individuals who possessed a given set of last names and/or ancestral occupations. The category was introduced by the Indian Central Government in 1990. Within a few years, 52% of the Indian population classified itself and was classified as backward. Yet the parents of those who termed themselves â€Å"Backward Caste† were not coded by themselves or by others as â€Å"Backward Caste† because, as in the case of the first generation of Yoruba’s, this category did not exist during their lifetimes Democracy: According to Abraham Lincoln he defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people. In this wise democracy connotes a system of government in which all the people in a country will have the outright say on the government of their country although in a representative manner meaning that they will elect representatives that will represent their interest in the government. Advanced countries if the world where democracy is practiced completely they have national identity as opposed to the developing world where they have ethnic identity. Advanced democracies always believe in secularism in which every religion is accepted and embraced not a system in which part will have cognisance to a religion and the other will believe in other religion causing serious tension in such states like Nigeria. Federalism : Elasar (cited in Akande, 1996:1)† the formation of European union (EU) which simply begun as a trading partnership for coal and steel is now moving towards a more integrated political union founded upon federal principle of governance†. The African union (AU) which is the federation of African counties where a central government intended to be created with sharing or division of power among the federating unit, even the world highest organization body united Nation have in some little degree, evolved the principle of federalism. Federalism is a system of government which embraces unity in diversity. Federalism as a system of government is one in which there will be central and regional governments each one autonomous of each other.

The Temperature Range of Rainfall

The Temperature Range of Rainfall If youve ever wondered why getting soaked in a rainstorm makes you cold, its not just because the precipitation moistens your clothes and skin, the temperature of the rainwater itself is also to blame. On average, raindrops have temperatures somewhere between 32 F (0 C) and 80 F (27 C). Whether a raindrop is closer to the cold or warm end of that range  depends on a number of things including what temperature it starts at high up in the clouds and what the air temperatures are in the upper atmosphere where those clouds are floating. As you can imagine, both of these things vary from day to day, season to season, and location to location, which means there is no usual  temperature for raindrops.   Temperatures in the atmosphere interact with raindrops, starting from their birth high up in a cloud to their final target- you and the ground- drastically affecting the temperature of these droplets of water. Cold Beginnings and Cold Descents Surprisingly, most of the worlds rainfall begins as snow high up in the clouds overhead- even on a hot summer day! Thats because temperatures in the upper portions of clouds are well below freezing, sometimes as low as -58 F. The snowflakes and ice crystals found in clouds at these cold temperatures and heights warm and melt into liquid water as they pass below the freezing level, then exit the parent cloud and enter the warmer air below it. As the melted raindrops continue to descend, they can become cooler through evaporation  in a process that  meteorologists call evaporative cooling,  wherein rain falls into drier air, causing that airs dewpoint to increase and its temperature to lower. Evaporative cooling is also one reason why rainfall is associated with cooler air, which explains why meteorologists sometimes claim it is raining or snowing high up in the upper atmosphere and will soon do so out your window- the longer this happens, the more the air near the ground will moisten and cool, allowing the precipitation a path to fall to the surface. Air Temperatures Above Ground Affect Final Raindrop Temp In general, as precipitation nears the ground, the atmospheres temperature profile- the range of air temperatures that the precipitation passes through- from around the 700 millibar level down to the surface determines the type of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or freezing rain) that will reach the ground. If this temperature is above freezing, the precipitation will, of course, be rain, but how warm above freezing they are will determine how cool the raindrops will be once they hit the ground. On the other hand, if the temperature is below freezing, the precipitation will fall as snow, sleet, or freezing rain depending on how much lower than freezing the range of air temperatures is. If youve ever experienced a rain shower that was warm to the touch, its because the rains temperature is above the current surface air temperature. This occurs when temperatures  from 700 millibars (3,000 meters) down are quite warm but a shallow layer of cooler air blankets the surface.

Free Essays on World Religions

Religion has played a huge role in world affairs since almost the beginning of time, and is still a very influential subject today. In this paper I will give a brief description of the world’s three predominant religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. I also will describe their beliefs, similarities and differences. Three of the major religions of the world, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, all began in the same basic area of the world. This area is what we know today as the Middle East. Today many of these people’s hatreds of each other are based on the origins of their religions. These three religions have similarities and differences because they all basically began in the same part of the world, but more importantly Islam and Christianity are based on the religion of Judaism, and all share many of the same beliefs. Judaism is the religious culture of the Jews. Judaism has always been Monolithic. Monotheists are people that believe in one God. They believe in on e God who is the creator of the universe. Nothing that humans experience is meaningless everything has a meaning. The God that created the world revealed himself to Moses and the Israelites at Mount Sinai. When Moses came down from Mt. Sinai, he had the world of God with him. He had the Ten Commandments, which today is found in the Torah, the sacred word of God his actual laws to live by. (Encarta Judaism 1) â€Å"When Abram was ninety-nine years old, the Lord appeared to Abram and said to him, â€Å"I am God Almighty; walk before Me and be perfect, and will make My covenant between Me and you and I will multiply you exceedingly.† Abram fell on his face and God spoke with him, saying, â€Å"as for me, behold, my covenant is with you, and you shall be the father of a multitude of nations. Neither shall your name be called anymore Abram, but your name shall be Abraham, because I have made you the father of a multitude of nations. And I will make you exceedingly fruitful and I ... Free Essays on World Religions Free Essays on World Religions Religion has played a huge role in world affairs since almost the beginning of time, and is still a very influential subject today. In this paper I will give a brief description of the world’s three predominant religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. I also will describe their beliefs, similarities and differences. Three of the major religions of the world, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, all began in the same basic area of the world. This area is what we know today as the Middle East. Today many of these people’s hatreds of each other are based on the origins of their religions. These three religions have similarities and differences because they all basically began in the same part of the world, but more importantly Islam and Christianity are based on the religion of Judaism, and all share many of the same beliefs. Judaism is the religious culture of the Jews. Judaism has always been Monolithic. Monotheists are people that believe in one God. They believe in on e God who is the creator of the universe. Nothing that humans experience is meaningless everything has a meaning. The God that created the world revealed himself to Moses and the Israelites at Mount Sinai. When Moses came down from Mt. Sinai, he had the world of God with him. He had the Ten Commandments, which today is found in the Torah, the sacred word of God his actual laws to live by. (Encarta Judaism 1) â€Å"When Abram was ninety-nine years old, the Lord appeared to Abram and said to him, â€Å"I am God Almighty; walk before Me and be perfect, and will make My covenant between Me and you and I will multiply you exceedingly.† Abram fell on his face and God spoke with him, saying, â€Å"as for me, behold, my covenant is with you, and you shall be the father of a multitude of nations. Neither shall your name be called anymore Abram, but your name shall be Abraham, because I have made you the father of a multitude of nations. And I will make you exceedingly fruitful and I ...